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Atom is a concurrent programming language intended for embedded applications. Atom features compile-time task scheduling and generates code with deterministic execution time and memory consumption, simplifying worst case execution time analysis for applications that require hard realtime performance. Atomic Scala - learn programming in the language of the future Dianne Marsh Bruce Eckel on Amazon.com.FREE. shipping on qualifying offers. Atomic Scala.
BEGIN ATOMIC is part of the ANSI SQL standard. SQL Server supports atomic blocks at the top-level of natively compiled stored procedures, as well as for natively compiled, scalar user-defined functions. For more information about these functions, see Scalar User-Defined Functions for In-Memory OLTP.
- Every natively compiled stored procedure contains exactly one block of Transact-SQL statements. This is an ATOMIC block.
- Non-native, interpreted Transact-SQL stored procedures and ad hoc batches do not support atomic blocks.
Atomic blocks are executed (atomically) within the transaction. Either all statements in the block succeed or the entire block will be rolled back to the savepoint that was created at the start of the block. In addition, the session settings are fixed for the atomic block. Executing the same atomic block in sessions with different settings will result in the same behavior, independent of the settings of the current session.
Transactions and Error Handling
If a transaction already exists on a session (because a batch executed a BEGIN TRANSACTION statement and the transaction remains active), then starting an atomic block will create a savepoint in the transaction. If the block exits without an exception, the savepoint that was created for the block commits, but the transaction will not commit until the transaction at the session level commits. If the block throws an exception, the effects of the block are rolled back but the transaction at the session level will proceed, unless the exception is transaction-dooming. For example a write conflict is transaction-dooming, but not a type casting error.
If there is no active transaction on a session, BEGIN ATOMIC will start a new transaction. If no exception is thrown outside the scope of the block, the transaction will be committed at the end of the block. If the block throws an exception (that is, the exception is not caught and handled within the block), the transaction will be rolled back. For transactions that span a single atomic block (a single natively compiled stored procedure), you do not need to write explicit BEGIN TRANSACTION and COMMIT or ROLLBACK statements.
Natively compiled stored procedures support the TRY, CATCH, and THROW constructs for error handling. RAISERROR is not supported.
The following example illustrates the error handling behavior with atomic blocks and natively compiled stored procedures:
The following error messages specific to memory-optimized tables are transaction dooming. If they occur in the scope of an atomic block, they will cause the transaction to abort: 10772, 41301, 41302, 41305, 41325, 41332, 41333, and 41839.
Session Settings
The session settings in atomic blocks are fixed when the stored procedure is compiled. Some settings can be specified with BEGIN ATOMIC while other settings are always fixed to the same value.
The following options are required with BEGIN ATOMIC:
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Required Setting | Description |
---|---|
TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL | Supported values are SNAPSHOT, REPEATABLEREAD, and SERIALIZABLE. |
LANGUAGE | Determines date and time formats and system messages. All languages and aliases in sys.syslanguages (Transact-SQL) are supported. |
The following settings are optional:
Optional Setting | Description |
---|---|
DATEFORMAT | All SQL Server date formats are supported. When specified, DATEFORMAT overrides the default date format associated with LANGUAGE. |
DATEFIRST | When specified, DATEFIRST overrides the default associated with LANGUAGE. |
DELAYED_DURABILITY | Supported values are OFF and ON. SQL Server transaction commits can be either fully durable, the default, or delayed durable.For more information, see Control Transaction Durability. |
The following SET options have the same system default value for all atomic blocks in all natively compiled stored procedures:
Set Option | System Default for Atomic Blocks |
---|---|
ANSI_NULLS | ON |
ANSI_PADDING | ON |
ANSI_WARNING | ON |
ARITHABORT | ON |
ARITHIGNORE | OFF |
CONCAT_NULL_YIELDS_NULL | ON |
IDENTITY_INSERT | OFF |
NOCOUNT | ON |
NUMERIC_ROUNDABORT | OFF |
QUOTED_IDENTIFIER | ON |
ROWCOUNT | 0 |
TEXTSIZE | 0 |
XACT_ABORT | OFF Uncaught exceptions cause the atomic block to roll back, but not cause the transaction to abort unless the error is transaction dooming. |
![Language Language](/uploads/1/2/7/6/127614889/254476458.jpeg)
See Also
An atomic mass (symbol: ma) is the mass of a single atom of a chemical element. It includes the masses of the 3 subatomic particles that make up an atom: protons, neutrons and electrons.
Atomic mass can be expressed in grams. However, because each atom has a very small mass, this is not very helpful. Examiner fiat download serial number lookup. Instead, atomic mass is expressed in unified atomic mass units (unit symbol: u). 1 atomic mass unit is defined as 1/12 of the mass of a single carbon-12 atom.[1]:18 1 u has a value of 1.660 539 066 60(50) × 10−27kg.[2]
A carbon-12 atom has a mass of 12 u. Because electrons are so light, we can say that the mass of a carbon-12 atom is made of 6 protons and 6 neutrons. Because the masses of protons and neutrons are almost exactly the same, we can say that both protons and neutrons have a mass of roughly 1 u.[1]:18 Hence, we can get a rough value of an atom's mass in atomic mass units by working out the sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons in the nucleus, which is called the mass number. The atomic mass of an atom is usually within 0.1 u of the mass number.
The number of protons an atom has determines what element it is. However, most elements in nature consist of atoms with different numbers of neutrons.[3] An atom of an element with a certain number of neutrons is called an isotope.[1]:44 For example, the element chlorine has two common isotopes: chlorine-35 and chlorine-37. Both isotopes of chlorine have 17 protons, but chlorine-37 has 20 neutrons, 2 more neutrons than chlorine-35, which has 18.[4] Each isotope has its own atomic mass, called its isotopic mass. In the case of chlorine, chlorine-35 has a mass of around 35 u, and chlorine-37 around 37 u.
As mentioned above, note that the atomic mass of an atom is not the same as its mass number. The mass number (symbol: A) of an atom is the sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons in the nucleus.[1]:20 Mass numbers are always whole numbers with no units. Also, relative isotopic mass is not the same as isotopic mass, and relative atomic mass (also called atomic weight) is not the same as atomic mass.
A relative isotopic mass is the mass of an isotope relative to 1/12 of the mass of a carbon-12 atom. In other words, a relative isotopic mass tells you the number of times an isotope of an element is heavier than one-twelfth of an atom of carbon-12. The word relative in relative isotopic mass refers to this scaling relative to carbon-12. Relative isotopic mass is similar to isotopic mass and has exactly the same numerical value as isotopic mass, whenever isotopic mass is expressed in atomic mass units. However, unlike isotopic mass, relative isotopic mass values have no units.
Like relative isotopic mass, a relative atomic mass (symbol: Ar) is a ratio with no units. A relative atomic mass is the ratio of the average mass per atom of an element from a given sample to 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom.[5] We find the relative atomic mass of a sample of an element by working out the abundance-weighted mean of the relative isotopic masses.[3] For example, to continue the chlorine example from above, if there is 75% of chlorine-35 and 25% of chlorine-37 in a sample of chlorine,[4]
Related pages[change | change source]
References[change | change source]
- ↑ 1.01.11.21.3Moore, John T. (2010). Chemistry Essentials For Dummies. Wiley. ISBN978-0-470-61836-3.
- ↑'atomic mass unit'. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 2020-01-12.
- ↑ 3.03.1Otter, Chris; Stephenson, Kay, eds. (2008). Salters Advanced Chemistry: Chemical Ideas (Third ed.). Heinemann. p. 17. ISBN978-0-435631-49-9.
- ↑ 4.04.1Salters Advanced Chemistry: Revise Chemistry For Salters AS (Second ed.). Heinemann. 2008. p. 3. ISBN978-0-435631-54-3.
- ↑Daintith, John, ed. (2008). A Dictionary of Chemistry (Sixth ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 457. ISBN978-0-19-920463-2.
Other websites[change | change source]
![Atomic Atomic](/uploads/1/2/7/6/127614889/120646834.jpg)
- Atomic mass -Citizendium
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